Under pressure: Exploring school leadership changes peri-COVID-19 and post George Floyd using an abductive approach

In the last two years, the United States has been greatly impacted by the global health pandemic of COVID-19 and a renewed national recognition of racial injustice catalyzed by the murder of George Floyd. These crises have created extensive pressures for school leaders to revamp their policies and procedures to ensure physiological safety and address systemic racism in schools, respectively. The purpose of this qualitative study was to explore how school principals dealt with and reacted to COVID-19 and the murder of George Floyd and the pressures of this crisis context. Guided by multiple contextual lenses and theoretical frameworks, this study used an abductive analysis approach to uncover surprising and anomalous data to build renewed understandings in educational leadership. In doing so, I discovered elements of healthcare and sensemaking around life and death that led to the integration of a healthcare humanization framework. Together, this study found that principals adopted new or shifted roles and identities that focused on humanizing practices. Principals became first responders;mediators of health, political, and humanizing communications;needs-based leaders;civil rights leaders;and leaders who sought agency by supporting others in uncontrollable situations. These changes were embedded in systems that remained acontexual and dehumanistic that created tensions for leaders to navigate. These findings supported the early developments of a humanizing leadership peri-crisis framework to elucidate leaders' responses in crisis contexts particularly when loss is imminent. This research is significant because the literature on theoretical frameworks for crisis school leadership is small and even fewer studies have operationalized humanizing school leadership practices. Recommendations based on the findings are also proposed for researchers, practitioners, and policy-makers. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved)

"I Can't Breathe:” The Invisible Slow Violence of Breathing Politics in Minneapolis

Following the death of George Floyd in Minneapolis, his utterance, "I can't breathe,” reverberated internationally as the world population grappled with the twin specters of life-threatening COVID-19 respiratory morbidities and mounting years under increasingly polarized racist regimes. Despite crisis fatigue, national and international outpourings of solidarity trended on social and mainstream media. However, in this moment, the legacy of structural and slow violences against the living, breathing Minneapolis–St. Paul communities of color were obscured. This article addresses transdisciplinary breathing politics in this mid-sized American city to integrate atmospheric indicators (concentrations of criteria pollutants including particulate matter and gaseous pollutants), traffic indicators (Minnesota Department of Transportation permanent traffic monitoring station data), and social indicators (community responses in newspaper and Twitter archives), ultimately making visible how Floyd's utterance reflects much deeper patterns of stratified urban public health risks and socio-environmental airscape politics. Bullet Points of Findings Breathing politics are racialized in Minneapolis, demonstrating stark differences in traffic and air quality across neighborhoods. Through content analysis, it is shown that social media platforms like Twitter can be rich historical records for tracking local public discourse, providing valuable insight to the ways people talk about and conceive topics like environmental justice, breathing politics, and urban equity. While hashtag activism on social media flourished in 2020 to address anti-Black racism, it was neither a "tipping point” nor did it show a discernible impact on the nature of environmental justice discourse about breathing politics, despite the steep rise of #ICantBreathe. Integrating social, economic, and environmental indicators has the overarching benefit of addressing complex, lived systems. Breathing politics are racialized in Minneapolis, demonstrating stark differences in traffic and air quality across neighborhoods.Through content analysis, it is shown that social media platforms like Twitter can be rich historical records for tracking local public discourse, providing valuable insight to the ways people talk about and conceive topics like environmental justice, breathing politics, and urban equity.While hashtag activism on social media flourished in 2020 to address anti-Black racism, it was neither a "tipping point” nor did it show a discernible impact on the nature of environmental justice discourse about breathing politics, despite the steep rise of #ICantBreathe.Integrating social, economic, and environmental indicators has the overarching benefit of addressing complex, lived systems. [ FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Society & Natural Resources is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full . (Copyright applies to all s.)

Examining the effects of the killing of George Floyd by police in the United States on attitudes of Black Londoners: a replication

High-profile incidents of police misconduct can have serious consequences for public trust in the police. A recent study in the British Journal of Political Science found that Eric Garner's death in NYC lead to more negative attitudes towards the police in London among Black residents compared to White and Asian residents. The current study aimed to replicate this transnational effect by assessing the impact of George Floyd's death on Londoners' perceptions of police. Using the same data and methodological approach, we did not replicate the immediate effect on Black Londoners' attitudes. We did find that attitudes across ethnic groups became more negative when using a wider temporal bandwidth. However, we discovered violations to the excludability assumption, meaning we cannot be certain that the effect is solely due to the murder of George Floyd, or at least partly due to different dynamics, like the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic and the accompanying policies. This means that while it is possible that police killings in other contexts play a role in shaping attitudes towards local police, these effects are difficult to disentangle from other global and local factors. © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.

From Black Lives Matter to COVID-19: Daily news podcasts and the reinvention of audio reporting

Globally daily news podcasts have exponentially grown in popularity. To build on the increased interest in this podcast format, this study examines three distinct programmes in this genre. The focus of our research specifically highlights the significant news events during the summer of 2020: the killing of George Floyd, and subsequent Black Lives Matter protests, and the COVID-19 pandemic. Using a set of genre conventions adapted and expanded from previous podcast and radio news scholarship, this research analyses the impact podcasting has on daily audio news production. Our findings indicate the podcast host's empathy and intimacy, coalesced into powerful, immersive deep dive discussions. Those kinds of conversations have strongly influenced and transformed daily news production, while still maintaining journalistic ethics and aesthetics.

Social distancing causally impacts the spread of SARS-CoV-2: a U.S. nationwide event study.

We assess the causal impact of social distancing on the spread of SARS-CoV-2 in the U.S. using the quasi-natural experimental setting created by the spontaneous relaxation of social distancing behavior brought on by the protests that erupted across the nation following George Floyd's tragic death on May 25, 2020. Using a difference-in-difference specification and a balanced sample covering the [- 30, 30] day event window centered on the onset of protests, we document an increase of 1.34 cases per day, per 100,000 population, in the SARS-CoV-2 incidence rate in protest counties, relative to their propensity score matching non-protest counterparts. This represents a 26.8% increase in the incidence rate relative to the week preceding the protests. We find that the treatment effect only manifests itself after the onset of the protests and our placebo tests rule out the possibility that our findings are attributable to chance. Our research informs policy makers and provides insights regarding the usefulness of social distancing as an intervention to minimize the spread of SARS-CoV-2.

"We started talking about race and racism after George Floyd": insights from research into practitioner preparedness for anti-racist social work practice in England

The events of 2020, notably, the murder of George Floyd and the global COVID-19 pandemic, brought issues of race and racism into sharp focus in social work education, research and practice. In the UK, the Black Lives Matter movement contributed to raising awareness of the existence and effects of racism, and the need for anti-racist practice in all areas of social work;yet, surprisingly, some social workers alleged to have first heard the term 'anti-racist practice' after the murder of George Floyd, while others claimed a basic understanding of what it meant in practice. This article reports the findings from a qualitative study with 67 social workers about their preparedness for antiracist practice with service users at the point of qualification and after their assessed and supported year in employment. A proposal for race intentionality as opposed to race evasiveness is made.

Practicing Psychoanalysis at the Intersection Of Covid-19, The Murder of George Floyd, and Trump's Presidency: Reflections from a Brown Analyst.

The author focuses on some of her experiences as the COVID-19 pandemic began and her retrospective understanding of those experiences. She describes having drawn on memories from her early life to arrive at this understanding; she discusses how this process has allowed her to move past certain countertransferential obstacles in her clinical work during the early days of the pandemic and to listen to her patients with more optimal analytic attentiveness. The author also discusses concurrent sociopolitical events, such as Donald Trump's presidency and George Floyd's murder, and how these impacted her analytic work. Illustrative clinical vignettes are presented.

The Background and repercussions of the George Floyd case

After the violent death of George Floyd in Minneapolis, demonstrations and riots against police brutality started in numerous cities of the United States under the banner of Black Lives Matter demanding a thorough reform of law enforcement. Several studies examined factors of police violence and discrimination related to the incident. However, we are still short on comprehensive frameworks to adequately explicate the complexity of the events following. Amongst hundreds of similar cases annually, the question arises: what makes the George Floyd incident exceptionally prone to motivate collective social actions of such scale? Applying a framework of collective action theory, we argue for a detailed interpretation of the emerging circumstances, accounting for both traditional conflict theoretical perspectives, as well as the individual, highly situated characteristics of the focal incident-with a special attention towards the COVID-19 pandemic as not only social, but also psychological, economical, and political context.

Why did the use of force go up? Investigating the unexpected impact of a body-worn camera program on a use of force time series

Purpose This study uses an interrupted time series research design to investigate the impact of a body-worn camera (BWC) program on a large police department. Methods We estimated a generalized linear model on a time series of monthly use of force and civilian complaint counts from January 2013 to September 2021 (N = 105) and controlled for other confounding influences. Results We observed a statistically significant increase in use of force incidents after the implementation of the BWC program. In comparison, the time series for civilian complaints experienced a statistically significant decrease over the same period. There was a substantial increase in use of force incidents during the early 2020s even after accounting for the BWC program. This period was defined by major social disruptions and civil unrest such as the protests surrounding George Floyd's death and the COVID-19 pandemic. Conclusions Despite the large number of previous evaluations of BWC programs these results are categorically distinct. The most plausible explanations for these findings are officers either increased reporting of use of force incidents or felt more confident using force because of this oversight. Future research should explore how major events of the early 2020s impacted police-civilian encounters across disparate communities.

THE DEATH OF GEORGE FLOYD AND THE STRENGTHENING OF THE ANTI-RACIST FIGHT: "NO JUSTICE, NO PEACE"

Suddenly we find ourselves in a pandemic, year 2020 of the 21st century. Habits, customs, cultures take new directions and meanings in the face of the global threat of death from Covid-19. Inequalities are accentuated. Again it is a black body that draws attention for its cruel racist care. Would it be too much to imagine that the world would once again need the sacrifice of a black body to alert itself? However, the racist historical processes of Minneapolis challenged the effectiveness of the complaints after the death of George Floyd and put back the scene of the permanent anti-racist struggle. The methodological path of this experience report will reflect on the territories of exclusion and the educational pulse of street demonstrations in Hennepin County, where the murder of George Floyd took place. Blacks and non-blacks took to the streets to denounce but also left hope about the effective possibilities that an anti-racist education could provide. We conclude that in these new times of inequalities under the Covid-19 pandemic, there is a complaint about structural racism, although there is also an effective bet on an anti-racist education.

Rewriting city narratives and spirit: Post-pandemic urban recovery mechanisms in the shadow of the global ‘black lives matter’ movement

The social media live-broadcasted murder of George Floyd by Minnesota police officers in the United States ignited a national uprising as it highlighted continued discrimination of the African-American community. Amidst the coronavirus pandemic, this fuelled the ‘Black Lives Matter’ movement and gave way to protests of an unprecedented scale causing havoc in major cities in the United States, with losses tabled in both the public and private sectors. Interestingly, this momentum kindled similar protests in numerous cities in other parts of the world calling for racial equality for minority and Indigenous groups and a more equitable presentation of their culturally colonised stories. This paper surveys this global uprising exploring its precipitous momentum at a time where most of the world was in lockdown or in forced confinement. Included is how the protests, highlighting deep-rooted underlying social and cultural angst, may have far-reaching impacts in influencing post-pandemic recovery mechanisms in favour of more inclusive communities - a goal ironically embedded in the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 11 that seeks to ‘Make cities inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable’. © 2021 The Authors

A Model of How Shifting Intelligence Drives Social Movements.

Based on the theory of social change, cultural evolution, and human development, we propose a mechanism whereby increased danger in society causes predictable shifts in valued forms of intelligence: 1. Practical intelligence rises in value relative to abstract intelligence; and 2. social intelligence shifts from measuring how well individuals can negotiate the social world to achieve their personal aims to measuring how well they can do so to achieve group aims. We document these shifts during the COVID-19 pandemic and argue that they led to an increase in the size and strength of social movements.

Pandemics of COVID-19 and racism: how HBCUs are coping.

Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs) are currently facing unique challenges to deal with parallel pandemics of COVID-19 and Racism, given the population they serve (mostly African American) are at high risk of these unprecedented crises. HBCU leaders are adopting various strategies to respond to both the pandemics in order to protect their stakeholders. This paper addresses various models that HBCUs have adopted or planned to adopt to cope with these pandemics, gleaning the data from various secondary sources and selected first-hand interviews with HBCU administrators.

Mental Health and Behavior of College Students During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Longitudinal Mobile Smartphone and Ecological Momentary Assessment Study, Part II.

BACKGROUND: Since late 2019, the lives of people across the globe have been disrupted by COVID-19. Millions of people have become infected with the disease, while billions of people have been continually asked or required by local and national governments to change their behavioral patterns. Previous research on the COVID-19 pandemic suggests that it is associated with large-scale behavioral and mental health changes; however, few studies have been able to track these changes with frequent, near real-time sampling or compare these changes to previous years of data for the same individuals. OBJECTIVE: By combining mobile phone sensing and self-reported mental health data in a cohort of college-aged students enrolled in a longitudinal study, we seek to understand the behavioral and mental health impacts associated with the COVID-19 pandemic, measured by interest across the United States in the search terms coronavirus and COVID fatigue. METHODS: Behaviors such as the number of locations visited, distance traveled, duration of phone use, number of phone unlocks, sleep duration, and sedentary time were measured using the StudentLife mobile smartphone sensing app. Depression and anxiety were assessed using weekly self-reported ecological momentary assessments, including the Patient Health Questionnaire-4. The participants were 217 undergraduate students. Differences in behaviors and self-reported mental health collected during the Spring 2020 term, as compared to previous terms in the same cohort, were modeled using mixed linear models. RESULTS: Linear mixed models demonstrated differences in phone use, sleep, sedentary time and number of locations visited associated with the COVID-19 pandemic. In further models, these behaviors were strongly associated with increased interest in COVID fatigue. When mental health metrics (eg, depression and anxiety) were added to the previous measures (week of term, number of locations visited, phone use, sedentary time), both anxiety and depression (P<.001) were significantly associated with interest in COVID fatigue. Notably, these behavioral and mental health changes are consistent with those observed around the initial implementation of COVID-19 lockdowns in the spring of 2020. CONCLUSIONS: In the initial lockdown phase of the COVID-19 pandemic, people spent more time on their phones, were more sedentary, visited fewer locations, and exhibited increased symptoms of anxiety and depression. As the pandemic persisted through the spring, people continued to exhibit very similar changes in both mental health and behaviors. Although these large-scale shifts in mental health and behaviors are unsurprising, understanding them is critical in disrupting the negative consequences to mental health during the ongoing pandemic.